At CFO (Boardroom Media) we track over 1,000,000 startups and over 5,000,000 people who hold key positions in these companies. We use this directory of startups to highlight top employees, founders and board members we think deserve more appreciation than they are currently getting.
This list showcases the top United States based CFO’ operating in the Genetics space. If you think a CFO’ is missing from this list, feel free to contact our editor on [email protected].
The individuals on this list have been included because of exceptional performance in one of the following categories:
- Innovation – Operating as a key part in an extremely innovative business or startup.
- Growth – Operating as a key figure in the growth and upscale of a market leading business or startup.
- Management – Showing exceptional management skills.
- Societal impact – Putting their business on the map for their positive societal or environmental impact.
Our Data – We source our data from OSINT (open source intelligence) and public directories such as Crunchbase, SemRush and many more. The data from these sources should be treated with a degree of caution and verified yourself.
Shaun Holt
CFO of Berkeley Lights
Shaun joined Berkeley Lights in November 2015 and was appointed Chief Financial Officer in March 2016. Prior to becoming CFO, Shaun was Vice President of Finance. Prior to joining Berkeley Lights, Shaun spent 7 ½ years at Illumina, Inc. heading up various aspects of their Finance organization. His roles included Sr. Director, Global Head of R&D and Business Unit Finance, EMEA Head of Finance, Accounting and Facilities, and Commercial FP&A. He earned a B.S. in Finance from California State University, Stanislaus.
Follow Shaun Holt:
About Berkeley Lights: Berkeley Lights is a provider of research and development services using micro-droplet technology that change the biological processes.
William Baird
Chief Financial Officer of Bluebird Bio
William “Chip” Baird, joined bluebird in February of 2019 as chief financial officer. Chip has over 20 years of financial and strategic planning experience in the biopharmaceutical sector. Prior to bluebird, he served as CFO of Amicus Therapeutics for seven years and spent 10 years as CFO of PTC Therapeutics with responsibility for all areas of finance, investor and public relations, human resources, facilities and project management. Chip also worked in the life science practice at L.E.K. Consulting, a strategy consulting firm, and began his career at First Union National Bank in corporate debt underwriting. Chip received a B.S. from Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and an M.B.A. in finance from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Follow William Baird:
About 2seventy bio, Bluebird Bio: Bluebird Bio offers products based on the transformative potential of gene therapy for patients with genetic and orphan diseases.
Brian Yoor
Senior Vice President Finance & Chief Financial Officer of Abbott
Brian Yoor is Senior Vice President Finance and Chief Financial Officer. He was appointed to his current position in June 2015. He previously served as Vice President, Investor Relations. Brian joined Abbott in August 1997, and held various financial management positions of increasing responsibility, including Controller positions in the pharmaceutical, nutrition, and diagnostic businesses, before being asked to lead Abbott’s Investor Relations effort in January 2013. Prior to joining Abbott, Brian was a certified public accountant with Arthur Andersen and held financial positions in the consumer industry with the Scotts Company and Newell Rubbermaid. “In Abbott Finance, we are the stewards that enable financial reliability and growth for Abbott, “ Says Brian. “ A strong, growing company is better able to help people around the world live their healthiest lives.” Brian serves on the board of the Clara Abbott Foundation. He is a member of NIRI, the National Investor Relations Institute. He earned his bachelor’s degree in accounting at the University of Toledo in Ohio.
Follow Brian Yoor:
About Abbott: Abbott is engaged in pharmaceuticals and manufacturing healthcare products.

Kim Witmer
Senior Vice President & Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer of Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Kim Witmer is Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of the Salk Institute. She oversees all financial activities of the Salk, including financial reporting and treasury functions, research accounting, annual budgets, procurement, grants administration and endowment/investment management. Prior to joining the Salk, Witmer worked for the international accounting firm of Deloitte & Touche. Witmer also acts as past President of AIRI, the Association of Independent Research Institutes, as well as serving on AIRI’s Board of Directors and Government Affairs Committee. AIRI brings together nearly 100 independent, not-for-profit biomedical and behavioral research institutes whose mission is to enhance the ability of its members to improve human health and advance knowledge. Additionally, Witmer served as the Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (SCRM), and currently holds a position on SCRM’s Administrative Council as the Salk representative. She is a Certified Public Accountant and holds a B.S. in business administration from San Diego State University.
Follow Kim Witmer:
About Salk Institute for Biological Studies: Salk Institute for Biological Studies conducts research on molecular biology and genetics, neurosciences, and plant biology.
Phillip Donenberg
Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of AveXis
Phillip brings more than 23 years of leadership expertise in finance, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and operations focused in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. His background includes recent experience with a gene therapy company, AveXis, Inc., where he served as the Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President until June 15, 2018, following its acquisition by Novartis. Phillip has held leadership roles overseeing strategic transactions, financing management and accounting operations, controls and reporting processes for growing life sciences companies. Most recently, he was Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President of Depomed, Inc. Previously, Phillip was the Chief Financial Officer at RestorGenex Corporation from 2014 to 2016, when RestorGenex merged with Diffusion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. From 1998 to 2013, he served as the Chief Financial Officer at BioSante Pharmaceuticals, Inc. until the merger of the company with ANIP Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Phillip earned a bachelor’s degree in accountancy from the University of Illinois, and he is a Certified Public Accountant.
Follow Phillip Donenberg:
About AveXis, Jaguar Gene Therapy: AveXis is a Biotech company is focused on developing gene therapy for patients with rare and life-threatening neurological genetic diseases.

Martyn Ansell
Chief Financial Officer and Vice President, Finance of Molecular Devices
Martyn joined Molecular Devices in June 2012 as Vice President, Finance. Prior to joining Molecular Devices he was Chief Financial Officer of Vistec Semiconductor Systems, a global leader in the development and manufacture of electron-beam lithography equipment for the semiconductor industry. Prior to joining Vistec, Martyn spent over 12 years at Applied Materials, a manufacturer of semiconductor equipment, where he held a number of senior financial management positions in business development and within several product divisions. In addition, he has held positions at Coopers & Lybrand, in San Jose, California and Ernst & Young in the U.K. Martyn received a BA in Accounting and Finance with Honors from the Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
Follow Martyn Ansell:
About Molecular Devices: Bioanalytical Systems and Solutions
David Lewis
Co-Founder & CFO of LunaDNA
David Lewis is a Co-Founder and Chief Financial Officer at LunaDNA and LunaPBC.
Follow David Lewis:
About Ganley Investment Group, LunaDNA, LunaPBC: The first and largest health and DNA research platform owned by its community.
Paul Kim
Chief Financial Officer of Fulgent Therapeutics
Paul Kim has served as Fulgent Chief Financial Officer since 2016. Prior to his service for us, Mr. Kim served as Chief Financial Officer of Cogent, a publicly traded biometric identification services and product company from 2004 until 2011. Mr. Kim’s past experience also includes service as the Chief Financial Officer of JNI Corporation, or JNI, a publicly traded storage area network technology company, from 2002 until 2003, as Vice President, Finance and Corporate Controller at JNI from 1999 to 2002 and as Vice President of Finance and Administration for Datafusion Inc., a privately held software development company, from 1998 until 1999. From 1996 to 1998, Mr. Kim was the Corporate Controller for Interlink Computer Sciences, Inc., a publicly traded enterprise software company. From 1990 to 1996, Mr. Kim worked for Coopers and Lybrand L.L.P., leaving as an audit manager. Mr. Kim received a B.A. in Economics from the University of California at Berkeley in 1989 and is a Certified Public Accountant.
Follow Paul Kim:
About Fulgent Therapeutics: Fulgent Therapeutics, LLC is a pharmaceutical company focusing on developing and commercializing innovative cancer therapeutics.

David Cordo
CFO of Metamark Genetics
Mr. Cordo began his career in the life sciences industry in 1990. He held senior management positions in finance at Biogen Idec during his seven-year tenure where he put in place the financial infrastructure for the worldwide commercial launch of Avonex. For seven years, he was the Treasurer of Millennium Pharmaceuticals. At Millennium, he led finance teams in the raising of an $800 million follow-on equity offering and a $400 million convertible debt offering. He also led finance teams for three acquisitions. Dave has been interim chief financial officer for several venture capital backed life science companies, including Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Epizyme, Inc., Link Medicine Corporation, TransForm Pharmaceuticals, Avila Therapeutics and Alinea Pharmaceuticals, and consulting on strategic financial issues for public and private life science companies. He is a Certified Public Accountant and holds an M.B.A. degree from Nichols College and a B.S.B.A. degree from Stonehill College. He is an active member of the Executive Committee of the Wake Forest University Parents’ Council and consults for several charitable organizations.
Follow David Cordo:
About Metamark Genetics, Novartis, Potenza Therapeutics, Semma Therapeutics: Metamark Genetics develops prognostic and predictive diagnostic tests that enable personalized treatment planning for cancer patients.
Vikram Jog
CFO of Fluidigm
Vikram Jog has served as our Chief Financial Officer since February 2008. From April 2005 to February 2008, Mr. Jog served as Chief Financial Officer for XDx, Inc., a molecular diagnostics company. From March 2003 to April 2005, Mr. Jog was a Vice President of Applera Corporation and Vice President of Finance for its related businesses, Celera Genomics and Celera Diagnostics. From April 2001 to March 2003, Mr. Jog was Vice President of Finance for Celera Diagnostics and Corporate Controller of Applera Corporation. Mr. Jog holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from Delhi University and an M.B.A. from Temple University. Mr. Jog is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
Follow Vikram Jog:
About Fluidigm: Fluidigm is a biotech tools company that creates microfluidic-based chips and instrumentation for biological research.

Jeffrey Poulton
Chief Financial Officer of Shire
Jeffrey “Jeff” brings to the Board his financial, commercial and strategic acumen. Since joining Shire in 2003 he has held leadership positions in finance supporting the Neuroscience, Gastrointestinal and Rare Diseases business units as well as the positions of Interim Chief Financial Officer and Head of Investor Relations. In addition, Jeff oversaw the operations of the Rare Diseases business unit in North America, Latin America and Asia Pacific, as well as leading the integration of the legacy-Viropharma rare disease products into the Shire portfolio. Prior to joining Shire, Jeff spent time at Cinergy Corp. and PPG Industries in a variety of corporate finance and business development roles, in addition to serving as a commissioned officer in the U.S. Navy. He received a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Duke University and a Master of Business Administration in Finance from the Kelly School of Business at Indiana University.
Follow Jeffrey Poulton:
About Shire: Shire biotechnology company that focuses on serving people with rare diseases.
Gregory Weaver
Chief Financial Officer of Eloxx
Greg Weaver joined PLI as CFO in November 2015. Greg is an experienced CFO and board director, having served in executive positions with biopharma companies in the US and Europe. Most recently he served as CFO and board director with Oryzon Genomics in Boston and Barcelona, and previously has served as CFO with the following Nasdaq-listed public biotech companies: Fibrocell, Celsion, Poniard, Sirna, Nastech, and ILEX. Greg currently serves on the boards of public biotech companies Egalet, and Atossa Genetics. Greg has led the raise of over US$800 million in various financing transactions throughout his career, and has led companies through IPO, drug development, and revenue growth, while positioning a number of companies for successful acquisition. Greg began his career as a CPA with Arthur Andersen, with an MBA from Boston College and BS in accounting from Trinity University.
Follow Gregory Weaver:
About Eloxx: Eloxx Pharmaceuticals is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing novel RNA-modulating drug candidates.
Kamran Alam
Chief Financial Officer of Taysha Gene Therapies
Kamran Alam is the Chief Financial Officer at Taysha Gene Therapies.
Follow Kamran Alam:
About Taysha Gene Therapies: Taysha Gene Therapies develops treatments to eradicate severe and life-threatening monogenic diseases of the central nervous system.
David Hastings
Chief Financial Officer of Arbutus Biopharma
David C. Hastings has served as a member of Entasis Therapeutics’s board of directors since April 2018. Mr. Hastings served as the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Unilife Corporation from February 2015 to June 2017 and as Unilife’s Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer from July 2016 to June 2017. From October 2003 to October 2014, Mr. Hastings served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at Incyte Corporation. Mr. Hastings currently serves on the board of directors of Scynexis Inc. and VBL Therapeutics Ltd. Mr. Hastings received his B.A. in Economics at the University of Vermont.
Follow David Hastings:
About Arbutus Biopharma: Arbutus Biopharma Corporation is a publicly-traded biopharmaceutical company.

Larry Bullock
Chief Financial Officer of Applied Genetics Technologies Corporation
Larry Bullock joined AGTC as CFO in 2014.
Follow Larry Bullock:
About Applied Genetics Technologies Corporation: AGTC is a biotechnology company conducting human clinical trials of AAV-based gene therapies for the treatment of rare diseases.
Douglas J. Swirsky
Chief Financial Officer of AavantiBio
Follow Douglas J. Swirsky:
About AavantiBio, TrAMPoline Pharma: AavantiBio is a biopharmaceutical company that provides gene transfer and gene editing therapies to treat genetic diseases.
Scott Gorton
CFO of Apton Biosystems
Follow Scott Gorton:
About Apton Biosystems, Cloudleaf, Precursor Energetics: Apton Biosystems develops a high-throughput and low-cost sequencing platform that revolutionizes the availability of genetic analysis.

Jason Leverone
Chief Financial Officer of Viridian Therapeutics
Jason A. Leverone, C.P.A., is miRagen’s Chief Financial Officer. In this capacity, he oversees the company’s financial, accounting, and operations functions. Prior to joining miRagen, Mr. Leverone was Senior Director of Finance and Controller for Replidyne, Inc., a publicly-traded biotechnology company. At Replidyne, he played an important role in completing the company’s initial public offering and executing its strategic sale to Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. Prior to joining Replidyne, Mr. Leverone was the Corporate Controller for CreekPath System, Inc., an international software development company. He commenced his professional career with the accounting firm of Ernst and Young LLP and served as an Audit Manager for Arthur Andersen LLP. Mr. Leverone is a Certified Public Accountant and holds a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from Bryant University in Smithfield, Rhode Island.
Follow Jason Leverone:
About Viridian Therapeutics: Viridian Therapeutics discovers and develops innovative microRNA-targeting therapies to improve human health.

Jan Bertsch
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of MilliporeSigma
Jan Bertsch leads O-I’s financial and information technology functions, including finance and accounting, corporate reporting, corporate tax, treasury, investor relations, internal audit and IT. She is focused on maintaining the financial flexibility of the company, as well as ensuring the company’s strategic initiatives and capital allocation philosophy deliver appropriate shareholder value. Working to increase connectivity and efficiency, Bertsch is also responsible for the delivery of technology solutions focused on collaboration. Bertsch joined O-I in 2015, bringing extensive experience as an operationally-focused CFO with a solid track record of value creation and asset optimization across various manufacturing companies.
Follow Jan Bertsch:
About MilliporeSigma, O-I Glass: MilliporeSigma is a technology company that develops, manufactures, and distributes various biochemicals and organic chemicals.
Martin P. Galvan
CFO of Lannett Company
Mr. Martin P. Galvan, CPA, is Chief Financial Officer, Vice President – Finance, Treasurer of Lannett Company Inc. Most recently, he was Chief Financial Officer of CardioNet, Inc., a medical technology and service company. From 2001 to 2007, Mr. Galvan was employed by Viasys Healthcare Inc., a healthcare technology company that was acquired by Cardinal Health, Inc. in June 2007. Prior to the acquisition, he served as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Director Investor Relations. From 1999 to 2001, Mr. Galvan served as Chief Financial Officer of Rodel, Inc., a precision surface technologies company in the semiconductor industry. From 1979 to 1998, Mr. Galvan held several positions with Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Inc., a pharmaceutical company, including Vice President, Finance — The Americas; President & General Manager, RPR Mexico & Central America; Vice President, Finance, Europe/Asia Pacific; and Chief Financial Officer, United Kingdom & Ireland. Mr. Galvan began his career with the international accounting firm Ernst & Young LLP. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from Rutgers University and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
Follow Martin P. Galvan:
About Lannett Company: Lannett develops, manufactures, and distributes generic prescription pharmaceutical products in tablet.

Jean Roberson
CFO of Appistry
Jean Roberson is a finance executive with 27 years of progressive experience in all areas of finance, treasury and accounting. Prior to joining Appistry, Jean was the Chief Financial Officer of Bandwidth Exchange Buildings, a real estate firm focused on the acquisition and management of properties serving telecommunication enterprises. In 1998 Jean co-founded Partner Communications and Services, an internet services provider, and served as its Chief Financial Officer. Jean also served as Treasurer for Purina Mills during the time of its sale to Koch Industries in 1998. She began her career as an auditor at Ernst & Young.
Follow Jean Roberson:
About Appistry, Sfara: Appistry helps clinical labs, research institutions, and hospitals capitalize on genomics data.
Stephen Hall
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of BG Medicine
Mr. Hall joined BG Medicine from Stemline Therapeutics, Inc., a publicly traded clinical stage biopharmaceutical company ,where he held the position of Vice President Finance, Treasurer, Principal Financial and Chief Accounting Officer and assisted in financings in excess of $100m. Prior to Stemline, Mr. Hall served as Chief Financial Officer at both life science and medical device companies, including Orthocon, Inc., Helicos BioSciences Corporation, TriPath Imaging, Inc., and Colorado MEDtech, Inc. Mr. Hall, a certified public accountant, began his professional career with Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., in Chicago, IL. In addition to his experience as an operating CFO, he spent nearly 10 years in commercial banking. He received his AB degree from Harvard College and MBA from Stanford University Graduate School of Business.
Follow Stephen Hall:
About BG Medicine: BG Medicine is a life sciences company developing biomarker-based diagnostic tests for the cardiovascular sectors.

Steve Krognes
CFO of Denali Therapeutics
Mr. Steve Krognes serves as Senior Vice President, Regional Head of Finance and IT and Chief Financial Officer of Pharma North America at Genentech, Inc. Mr. Krognes joined Roche in January 2004 as global head of Mergers and Acquisitions. He served as Head of Corporate Finance-Corporate Development of Roche Holding AG. In this role, he led Roche’s internal Mergers and Acquisitions group and was responsible for all Roche transactions worldwide. Prior to joining Roche Holding AG, Mr. Krognes worked as a venture capitalist in Scandinavia, as a mergers and acquisitions investment banker with Goldman Sachs and Danske Bank, and as a management consultant with McKinsey & Co. He has been a Director of California Healthcare Institute since August 2010. He is a second lieutenant in the Royal Norwegian Air Force. Mr. Krognes holds a Master’s in Business Administration from the Harvard Business School and a Bachelor’s in Economics from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.
Follow Steve Krognes:
About California Healthcare Institute, Denali Therapeutics: Denali Therapeutics is dedicated to defeating neurodegenerative diseases to deliver safe and effective medicines to patients and families.
Richard Vellacott
Chief Financial Officer of Horizon Discovery
Richard has over 15 years’ experience as a chartered accountant, working with life science companies from start-ups to global pharmaceuticals. He also has a first class degree in biological sciences from Durham University. Past roles include Vice President, Finance at CSR plc, a listed hi-tech company with revenues of $1bn. During his time at CSR Richard had worldwide responsibility for finance, making significant contributions to the transformational acquisition and integration of a NASDAQ listed Zoran Corp., product portfolio management, R&D budgeting and business investment / divestment decisions. Before this, Richard was a Director in Deloitte’s life sciences practice, where he specialized in capital market transactions including IPOs, M&A and fundraising on both the UK and the US markets. Beyond his corporate responsibilities, Richard has advised the EC on funding for life science companies and presented at investor conferences and technical seminars on financial issues facing the life science industry.
Follow Richard Vellacott:
About Horizon Discovery: Horizon is a gene editing company that designs & engineers genetically-modified cells, applying them to advance human health.

Kamal Adawi
Chief Financial Officer of Exagen
Follow Kamal Adawi:
About Exagen: Exagen is a patient focused, discovery-driven life science company serving patients affected by autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Stefan Hendriks
Chief Financial Officer & Internal Legal Counsel of Immunexpress
35 years experience – finance, legal, investment banking and investment, corporate advisory and business/industry development (HWC (SA), Deloittes, Hill Samuel, Macquarie Bank, AGL Ltd, NEVI Group (Nor), Management Board Huon Aquaculture Ltd (AU) for 18 years). Financed, developed IKEA in Queensland, Australia. Senior management and Board roles in South Africa, Australia, Scandinavia and the Netherlands.
Follow Stefan Hendriks:
About Immunexpress: Immunexpress Pty Ltd, a molecular diagnostics company, develops clinical assays for the management of immune disorders.

William J. Kelly
Chief Financial Officer of Exosome Diagnostics
Mr. Kelly has over 20 years of financial management experience, including 13 years leading growing, international, publicly traded life science companies. Prior to joining Exosome Diagnostics, Mr. Kelly served in executive positions such as Chief Financial Officer of RepliGen Corporation and Corporate Controller of Haemonetics. In such roles, Mr. Kelly oversaw corporate financial operations, including several successful acquisitions. Mr. Kelly began his financial career as an auditor at leading financial firms Deloitte & Touche and Ernst and Young. Mr. Kelly is a Certified Public Accountant who holds an M.S./M.B.A. from Northeastern University and a B.A. in psychology from the College of the Holy Cross.
Follow William J. Kelly:
About Deloitte, Exosome Diagnostics: Exosome Diagnostics develops and commercializes blood-based cancer molecular diagnostics for patient stratification and disease monitoring.

Matt Kapusta
Chief Financial Officer of UniQure
Matt Kapusta joined uniQure as CFO in January 2015 with nearly 20 years of experience in the life sciences industry. Most recently, Matt was Senior Vice President at AngioDynamics responsible for corporate development, strategic planning and national accounts. Prior to AngioDynamics, he served as Vice President, Finance for Smith & Nephew Orthopaedics. Matt’s career also includes more than a decade of investment banking experience focused on emerging life sciences companies. Matt was Managing Director, Healthcare Investment Banking at Collins Stewart, and held various positions at Wells Fargo Securities, Robertson Stephens and PaineWebber. Matt holds a Master of Business Administration from New York University’s Stern School of Business, a Bachelor of Business Administration from University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business and earned his Certified Public Accountant license in 1996 while at Ernst & Young.
Follow Matt Kapusta:
About UniQure: uniQure is focused on the research and early development of human gene-based therapies.

Zen Zhou
Co-Founder, CFO & Marketing Director of Genome Surveillance
Zen Zhou is a talented recent college graduate with a triple major of Finance/Marketing/Real Estate from University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Mr. Zhou has excellent analytical and interpersonal skills, outstanding at public speaking, strong interest in biotechnology, and nice experience in general business management, public fundraising and promotion of product sale. Prior to joining Genome Surveillance, Mr. Zhou had worked as a field manager for Wisconsin Environment Canvasser, a student supervisor at Gasthaus Pub & Grill, and an account executive in Sovly Seven, INC.
Follow Zen Zhou:
About Genome Surveillance: Genome Surveillance is in a genomics/ DNA sequencing company.
Prathyusha Duraibabu
CFO of Sangamo Therapeutics
Prathyusha Duraibabu is the CFO at Sangamo Therapeutics.
Follow Prathyusha Duraibabu:
About Sangamo Therapeutics: Sangamo researches, develops and commercializes engineered DNA-binding proteins for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Jacob Uittenbogaard
Chief Financial Officer of Jupiter Orphan Therapeutics
Follow Jacob Uittenbogaard:
About Jupiter Orphan Therapeutics: Jupiter Orphan Therapeutics, Inc. Developing therapies for rare diseases linked to single gene deficiencies.